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R Programming is free software tools.We learn to write code.
> library("Deriv", lib.loc="~/R/win-library/3.6")
This is R version 3.6.3
> D(expression(2*xˆ3),"x")
How do you write log with R
> D(expression(log(x)),"x")
1/x
> D(expression(a*exp(-b * x)),"x")
-(a * (exp(-b * x) * b))
> D(expression(a/(1+b*exp(-c * x))),"x")
a * (b * (exp(-c * x) * c))/(1 + b * exp(-c * x))^2
> trig.exp <- expression(sin(cos(x + yˆ2)))
How do you write sin, cos identites with R.
> trig.exp <- expression(sin(cos(x + y^2)))
> D(trig.exp,"x")
-(cos(cos(x + y^2)) * sin(x + y^2))
> D(expression(2*x^3),"x")
2 * (3 * x^2)
> library("deSolve", lib.loc="~/R/win-library/3.6")
> x <- seq(0,10,0.1)
> x
[1] 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
[12] 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1
[23] 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2
[34] 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3
[45] 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
[56] 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
[67] 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6
[78] 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7
[89] 8.8 8.9 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8
[100] 9.9 10.0
How do you write expoential equation in R.
> y1 <- 2+5*x-0.2*x^2
> y1
[1] 2.000 2.498 2.992 3.482 3.968 4.450 4.928
[8] 5.402 5.872 6.338 6.800 7.258 7.712 8.162
[15] 8.608 9.050 9.488 9.922 10.352 10.778 11.200
[22] 11.618 12.032 12.442 12.848 13.250 13.648 14.042
[29] 14.432 14.818 15.200 15.578 15.952 16.322 16.688
[36] 17.050 17.408 17.762 18.112 18.458 18.800 19.138
[43] 19.472 19.802 20.128 20.450 20.768 21.082 21.392
[50] 21.698 22.000 22.298 22.592 22.882 23.168 23.450
[57] 23.728 24.002 24.272 24.538 24.800 25.058 25.312
[64] 25.562 25.808 26.050 26.288 26.522 26.752 26.978
[71] 27.200 27.418 27.632 27.842 28.048 28.250 28.448
[78] 28.642 28.832 29.018 29.200 29.378 29.552 29.722
[85] 29.888 30.050 30.208 30.362 30.512 30.658 30.800
[92] 30.938 31.072 31.202 31.328 31.450 31.568 31.682
[99] 31.792 31.898 32.000
> y2<- 2+5*x-0.4*x^2
> y2
[1] 2.000 2.496 2.984 3.464 3.936 4.400 4.856
[8] 5.304 5.744 6.176 6.600 7.016 7.424 7.824
[15] 8.216 8.600 8.976 9.344 9.704 10.056 10.400
[22] 10.736 11.064 11.384 11.696 12.000 12.296 12.584
[29] 12.864 13.136 13.400 13.656 13.904 14.144 14.376
[36] 14.600 14.816 15.024 15.224 15.416 15.600 15.776
[43] 15.944 16.104 16.256 16.400 16.536 16.664 16.784
[50] 16.896 17.000 17.096 17.184 17.264 17.336 17.400
[57] 17.456 17.504 17.544 17.576 17.600 17.616 17.624
[64] 17.624 17.616 17.600 17.576 17.544 17.504 17.456
[71] 17.400 17.336 17.264 17.184 17.096 17.000 16.896
[78] 16.784 16.664 16.536 16.400 16.256 16.104 15.944
[85] 15.776 15.600 15.416 15.224 15.024 14.816 14.600
[92] 14.376 14.144 13.904 13.656 13.400 13.136 12.864
[99] 12.584 12.296 12.000
> y3 <- 2+4*x-0.6*xˆ2+0.04*xˆ3
Error: unexpected input in "y3 <- 2+4*x-0.6*xˆ"
> y3 <- 2+4*x-0.6*x^2+0.04*x^3
> plot(y3)
> plot(y2)
> y4 <- 2+4*x+2*x^2-0.6*x^3+0.04*x^4
> plot(y4)
> par(mfrow=c(2,2))
> plot(x,y1,type="l",ylab="y",main="decelerating")
> plot(x,y2,type="l",ylab="y",main="humped")
> plot(x,y3,type="l",ylab="y",main="inflection")
> plot(x,y4,type="l",ylab="y",main="local maximum")
> par(mfrow=c(2,2))
> y1 <- x/(2+5*x)
> y2 <- 1/(x-2+4/x)
> y3 <- 1/(xˆ2-2+4/x)
Error: unexpected input in "y3 <- 1/(xˆ"
> y3 <- 1/(x^2-2+4/x)
> plot(x,y1,type="l",ylab="y",main="Michaelis-Menten")
> plot(x,y2,type="l",ylab="y",main="shallow hump")
> plot(x,y3,type="t",ylab="y",main="steep hump")
Error in plot.xy(xy, type, ...) : invalid plot type 't'
> plot(x,y3,type="l",ylab="y",main="steep hump")
> #Gamma function
> par(mfrow=c(1,1))
> t <- seq(0.2,4,0.01)
> t
[1] 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30
[12] 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41
[23] 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52
[34] 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63
[45] 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74
[56] 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85
[67] 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96
[78] 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07
[89] 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18
[100] 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29
[111] 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40
[122] 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51
[133] 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62
[144] 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73
[155] 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84
[166] 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95
[177] 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06
[188] 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17
[199] 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28
[210] 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39
[221] 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50
[232] 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61
[243] 2.62 2.63 2.64 2.65 2.66 2.67 2.68 2.69 2.70 2.71 2.72
[254] 2.73 2.74 2.75 2.76 2.77 2.78 2.79 2.80 2.81 2.82 2.83
[265] 2.84 2.85 2.86 2.87 2.88 2.89 2.90 2.91 2.92 2.93 2.94
[276] 2.95 2.96 2.97 2.98 2.99 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05
[287] 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16
[298] 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27
[309] 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38
[320] 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 3.46 3.47 3.48 3.49
[331] 3.50 3.51 3.52 3.53 3.54 3.55 3.56 3.57 3.58 3.59 3.60
[342] 3.61 3.62 3.63 3.64 3.65 3.66 3.67 3.68 3.69 3.70 3.71
[353] 3.72 3.73 3.74 3.75 3.76 3.77 3.78 3.79 3.80 3.81 3.82
[364] 3.83 3.84 3.85 3.86 3.87 3.88 3.89 3.90 3.91 3.92 3.93
[375] 3.94 3.95 3.96 3.97 3.98 3.99 4.00
> plot(t,gamma(t),type="l")
> abline(h=1,lty=2)
> par(mfrow=c(2,2))
> x <- seq(0,10,0.1)
> plot(x,y,type="l",main="three-parameter logistic")
Error in xy.coords(x, y, xlabel, ylabel, log) : object 'y' not found
> y <- 100/(1+90*exp(-1*x))
> plot(x,y,type="l",main="three-parameter logistic")
> y <- 20+100/(1+exp(0.8*(3-x)))
> plot(x,y,ylim=c(0,140),type="l",main="four-parameter logistic")
> x <- -200:100
> y <- 100*exp(-exp(0.02*x))
> plot(x,y,type="l",main="negative Gompertz")
> x <- 0:100
> y <- 50*exp(-5*exp(-0.08*x))
> plot(x,y,type="l",main="positive Gompertz")
> #Biexponential model
> a <- 10
> b <- -0.8
> c <- 10
> d <- -0.05
> y <- a*exp(b*x)+c*exp(d*x)
> plot(x,y,main="+ - + -",type="l")
> a <- 10
> b <- -0.8
> c <- 10
> d <- 0.05
> y <- a*exp(b*x)+c*exp(d*x)
> plot(x,y,main="+ - + +",type="l")
> a <- 200
> b <- 0.2
> c <- -1
> d <- 0.7
> y <- a*exp(b*x)+c*exp(d*x)
> plot(x,y,main="+ + - +",type="l")
> a <- 200
> b <- 0.05
> c <- 300
> d <- -0.5
> y <- a*exp(b*x)+c*exp(d*x)
> plot(x,y,main="+ + + -",type="l")
> par(mfrow=c(1,1))
> x <- 0:6
> plot(x,factorial(x),type="s",main="factorial x",log="y")
> choose(8,3)
[1] 56
> plot(0:8,choose(8,0:8),type="s",main="binomial coefficients")
> curve(pnorm(x),-3,3)
> arrows(-1,0,-1,pnorm(-1),col="red")
> arrows(-1,pnorm(-1),-3,pnorm(-1),col="green")
> pnorm(-1)
[1] 0.1586553
> curve(dnorm(x),-3,3)
> par(mfrow=c(2,2))
> x <- seq(-3,3,0.01)
> y <- exp(-abs(x))
> plot(x,y,type="l",main= "x")
> y <- exp(-abs(x)ˆ3)
Error: unexpected input in "y <- exp(-abs(x)ˆ"
> y <- exp(-abs(x)^3)
> plot(x,y,type="l",main= "x")
> y <- exp(-abs(x)^8)
> plot(x,y,type="l",main= "x")
> y <- exp(-abs(x)^21)
> plot(x,y,type="l",main= "x")
> x <- seq(-3,3,0.01)
> z <- seq(-3,-1.25,0.01)
> p <- dnorm(z)
> z <- c(z,-1.25,-3)
> p <- c(p,min(p),min(p))
> plot(x,dnorm(x),type="l",xaxt="n",ylab="probability density",xlab="height")
> axis(1,at=-3:3,labels=c("146","154","162","170","178","186","192"))
> polygon(z,p,col="red")
> z <- seq(1.875,3,0.01)
> p <- dnorm(z)
> z <- c(z,3,1.875)
> p <- c(p,min(p),min(p))
> plot(x,dnorm(x),type="l",xaxt="n",ylab="probability density",xlab="height")
> axis(1,at=-3:3,labels=c("146","154","162","170","178","186","192"))
> polygon(z,p,col="red")
> z <- seq(-0.635,1.25,0.01)
> p <- dnorm(z)
> z <- c(z,1.25,-0.635)
> p <- c(p,0,0)
> plot(x,dnorm(x),type="l",xaxt="n",ylab="probability density",xlab="height")
>
> axis(1,at=-3:3,labels=c("146","154","162","170","178","186","192"))
> polygon(z,p,col="red")
> #The central limit theorem
> par(mfrow=c(1,1))
> hist(runif(10000)*10,main="")
> means <- numeric(10000)
> for (i in 1:10000){
+ means[i] <- mean(runif(5)*10)
+ }
> hist(means,ylim=c(0,1600),main="")
> mean(means)
[1] 4.990829
> sd(means)
[1] 1.293516
> xv <- seq(0,10,0.1)
> yv <- dnorm(xv,mean=4.998581,sd=1.28996)*5000
> lines(xv,yv)
> par(mfrow=c(2,2))
> hist(sample(1:6,replace=T,10000),breaks=0.5:6.5,main="",xlab="one die")
> a <- sample(1:6,replace=T,10000)
> b <- sample(1:6,replace=T,10000)
> hist(a+b,breaks=1.5:12.5,main="", xlab="two dice")
> c <- sample(1:6,replace=T,10000)
> hist(a+b+c,breaks=2.5:18.5,main="", xlab="three dice")
> d <- sample(1:6,replace=T,10000)
> e <- sample(1:6,replace=T,10000)
> hist(a+b+c+d+e,breaks=4.5:30.5,main="", xlab="five dice")
> mean(a+b+c+d+e)
[1] 17.5012
> sd(a+b+c+d+e)
[1] 3.819877
> lines(seq(1,30,0.1),dnorm(seq(1,30,0.1),17.5937,3.837668)*10000)
> #Maximum likelihood with the normal distribution
> par(mfrow=c(2,2))
> curve(dnorm,-3,3,xlab="z",ylab="Probability density",main="Density")
> curve(pnorm,-3,3,xlab="z",ylab="Probability",main="Probability")
> curve(qnorm,0,1,xlab="p",ylab="Quantile (z)",main="Quantiles")
> y <- rnorm(1000)
> hist(y,xlab="z",ylab="frequency",main="Random numbers")
> yvals <- rnorm(100,24,4)
> mean(yvals)
[1] 23.98589
> sd(yvals)
[1] 3.395763
> ydevs <- rnorm(100,0,1)
> ydevs <- (ydevs-mean(ydevs))/sd(ydevs)
> mean(ydevs)
[1] -1.587923e-17
> sd(ydevs)
[1] 1
> yvals <- 24 + ydevs*4
> mean(yvals)
[1] 24
> sd(yvals)
[1] 4
> windows(7,4)
> par(mfrow=c(1,2))
> x <- seq(0,30,.25)
> plot(x,pchisq(x,3,7.25),type="l",ylab="p(x)",xlab="x")
> plot(x,pchisq(x,5,10),type="l",ylab="p(x)",xlab="x")
> 8*10.2/qchisq(.975,8)
[1] 4.65367
> 8*10.2/qchisq(.025,8)
[1] 37.43582
> qf(.95,2,18)
[1] 3.554557
> x <- seq(0.05,4,0.05)
> plot(x,df(x,2,18),type="l",ylab="f(x)",xlab="x")
> plot(x,df(x,6,18),type="l",ylab="f(x)",xlab="x")
> windows(7,7)
> par(mfrow=c(1,1))
> df <- seq(1,30,.1)
> plot(df,qf(.95,df,30),type="l",ylab="Critical F")
> lines(df,qf(.95,df,10),lty=2)
> x <- seq(0.01,3,0.01)
> plot(x,df(x,1,10),type="l",ylim=c(0,1),ylab="f(x)")
> lines(x,df(x,2,10),lty=6,col="red")
> lines(x,df(x,5,10),lty=2,col="green")
> lines(x,df(x,30,10),lty=3,col="blue")
> legend(2,0.9,c("1","2","5","30"),col=(1:4),lty=c(1,6,2,3),
+ title="numerator d.f.")
> curve( (1+xˆ2)ˆ(-0.5), -3, 3,ylab="t(x)",col="red")
Error: unexpected input in "curve( (1+xˆ"
> curve( (1+x^2)^(-0.5), -3, 3,ylab="t(x)",col="red")
> plot(1:30,qt(0.975,1:30), ylim=c(0,12),type="l",
+ ylab="Students t value",xlab="d.f.",col="red")
> abline(h=2,lty=2,col="green")
> xvs <- seq(-4,4,0.01)
> plot(xvs,dnorm(xvs),type="l",lty=2,
+ ylab="Probability density",xlab="Deviates")
> lines(xvs,dt(xvs,df=5),col="red")
> qt(0.975,5)
[1] 2.570582
> #The gamma distribution
> x <- seq(0.01,4,.01)
> par(mfrow=c(2,2))
> y <- dgamma(x,.5,.5)
> plot(x,y,type="l",col="red",main="alpha = 0.5")
> y <- dgamma(x,.8,.8)
> plot(x,y,type="l",col="red", main="alpha = 0.8")
> x <- seq(0,1,0.01)
> fx <- dbeta(x,2,3)
> plot(x,fx,type="l",main="a=2 b=3",col="red")
> fx <- dbeta(x,0.5,2)
> plot(x,fx,type="l",main="a=0.5 b=2",col="red")
> fx <- dbeta(x,2,0.5)
> plot(x,fx,type="l",main="a=2 b=0.5",col="red")
> fx <- dbeta(x,0.5,0.5)
> plot(x,fx,type="l",main="a=0.5 b=0.5",col="red")
> rbeta(10,2,3)
[1] 0.10678527 0.46414831 0.09402682 0.74723789 0.43859319
[6] 0.49928575 0.83196791 0.13017362 0.17905408 0.61618885
> windows(7,4)
> par(mfrow=c(1,2))
> plot(-200:200,dcauchy(-200:200,0,10),type="l",ylab="p(x)",xlab="x",
+ col="red")
> plot(-200:200,dcauchy(-200:200,0,50),type="l",ylab="p(x)",xlab="x",
+ col="red")
> windows(7,7)
> plot(seq(0,10,0.05),dlnorm(seq(0,10,0.05)),
+ type="l",xlab="x",ylab="LogNormal f(x)",col="x")
Error in plot.xy(xy, type, ...) : invalid color name 'x'
> plot(seq(0,10,0.05),dlnorm(seq(0,10,0.05)),
+ type="l",xlab="x",ylab="LogNormal f(x)",col="x")
Error in plot.xy(xy, type, ...) : invalid color name 'x'
> windows(7,7)
> a <- 3
> l <- 1
> t <- seq(0,1.8,.05)
> ft <- a*l*tˆ(a-1)*exp(-l*tˆa)
Error: unexpected input in "ft <- a*l*tˆ"
> ft <- a*l*t^(a-1)*exp(-l*t^a)
> plot(t,ft,type="l",col="blue",ylab="f(t) ")
> a <- 1
> ft <- a*l*t^(a-1)*exp(-l*t^a)
> lines(t,ft,type="l",col="red")
> a <- 2
> ft <- a*l*t^(a-1)*exp(-l*t^a)
> lines(t,ft,type="l",col="green")
> legend(1.4,1.1,c("1","2","3"),title="alpha",lty=c(1,1,1),col=c(2,3,4))
> xy <- mvrnorm(1000,mu=c(50,60),matrix(c(4,3.7,3.7,9),2))
Error in mvrnorm(1000, mu = c(50, 60), matrix(c(4, 3.7, 3.7, 9), 2)) :
could not find function "mvrnorm"
> x <- ceiling(runif(10000)*6)
> table(x)
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
1702 1693 1639 1684 1591 1691
> hist(x,breaks=0.5:6.5,main="")
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